Dr Loh Ear Nose Throat Clinic Kota Damansara
Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

Surfer's ear, also known as exostosis, is the condition where the ear canal becomes narrow due to the growth of a bone over time. This bone growth is caused by an exposure to cold water and cold air (common in surfing) and causes lumps and bulges in the ear canal, affecting hearing.A specialist doctor can conduct a surgical procedure to help you treat the exotosis and get rid of the bone growth.

• Exostosis (Surfer’s Ear)

There are 2 types of hearing loss, conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss:Conductive hearing loss: Caused by physical problems affecting the movement of sound waves through the ear, includingWax or foreign body in the ear canalMiddle-ear infections or injurySwollen ear canalSensorineural hearing loss: Caused by damage to the hair cells or nerves that sense the sound waves in the ear, includingProlonged exposure to loud noisesEar pressureHead traumaMedication effectsYou can get a hearing loss test if you experience any of these symptoms:Difficulty hearing in conversationsFrequently asking people to repeat themselves in conversationsListening to music or watching television with a higher voume than others doHearing better in one ear than the otherRinging or buzzing in earsSome tests and treatments for hearing loss are ventilation tubes, labyrinthectomy, ear microscopy, pure tone audiometry (PTA), and impedance audiometry (Tympanometry).

• Hearing Loss

A ruptured eardrum means that there is a hole or tear on the thin tissue surrounding your eardrum. This can lead to hearing loss or middle ear infections and injuries. Several different factors can cause a ruptured eardrum, like middle ear infection, ear pressure, loud sounds or blasts, foreign objects in your ear, or head trauma and injuries.If your eardrum rupture is unable to recover on its own, a surgical treatment may be needed. This can be a myringoplasty, a myringotomy, or a tympanoplasty. You should get your eardrum condition checked by the specialist doctor to get an advice on the best choice of treatment.

Ear pressure discomfort is also known as ear barotrauma, which is what you feel when your ears fail to equalize the pressure of your ears' inner space and that of the surrounding environment.Some symptoms of ear barotrauma includ ear blockages, ear pain, hearing loss, dizziness, ear ringing, and ear discharge.If youare diagnosed with ear barotrauma, the specialist doctor can help you with treatments like clearing the ear canal, treating any congestion or infections in the ear, or in some cases surgical procedures of the inner ear.

• Ear Barotrauma

Perichondritis is an infection or inflammation of the connective tissue in our ear. This can be caused by an infection or a spread from an external inflammation. Treatments for this infection usually include antibiotics depending on how severe the infection is.

• Perichondritis

Are you having dizziness or vertigo? The main difference is that vertigo, other than just experiencing dizziness, gives you a feeling or illusion that either you feel as if you are moving even though you're not (subjective vertigo), or you feel that your surroundings are moving even though they're not (objective vertigo). Vertigo is usually caused by a problem in the ear, and can be tested and treated using several different procedures, including Canalith Repositioning Procedure (Epley Maneuver), Cawthorne-Cooksey (CC) Exercises, Dix-Hallpike Maneuver, Posterior Semicircular Canal Occlusion, Labyrinthectomy, Vestibular Rehabilitation, or Ear Microscopy.

• Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)

Meniere Disease is an inner ear disorder that can lead to vertigo (dizziness), hearing loss, ear ringing (tinnitus), or ear pressure discomfort. Some treatments for Meniere Disease include Vestibular Nerve Section and Intratympanic Injection. You can get a diagnosis from the doctor to see if you require a treatment for Meniere Disease.

• Meniere Disease (Idiopathic Endolymphatic Hydrops)

Ear infections can come in various forms, and the main sign that you may have an ear infection is if you feel pain in your ear. Ear infections can affect the outer ear, middle ear, or inner ear, with different conditions like ottitis media or otitis externa the culprits.The most important thing to do is to get your ear condition tested and diagnosed by a verified doctor, so that the suitable treatment can be carried out.Some common tests and treatments for ear infections are adenoidectomy, ventilation tubes, and ear microscopy.

• Acute Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)

Tinnitus is the condition where you constantly hear a ringing sound in your ear. This ringing sound can be in the form of ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking or hissing. It can also be a sign or symptom of some other underlying causes.Some tests and treatments for tinnitus include white noise machines, masking devices, tinnitus retraining, and clicking, humming, or ringing tests. You can get a test and diagnosis from the doctor to see what type of tinnitus and a suitable treatment for your condition.

Acoustic Neuroma is also known vestibular schwannoma. This is a non-cancerous slow-growing tumour that develops at the inner ear section. Acoustic neuroma can lead to difficulting balancing, hearing loss, ringing in the ear, or hearing difficulties.

• Acoustic Neuroma

Cholesteatoma is a non-cancerous skin growth that develops at the middle ear section, behind the eardrum.Cholesteatoma can be either a birth defect or caused by repeated middle ear infections. Treatments like cholesteatoma surgery, removal of mastoid (mastoidectomy) and atticotomy can be done to treat cholesteatoma.

• Cholesteatoma

Mastoiditis is a bacterial infection that affects the inner and middle ear, caused by infected or inflamed mastoid cells in our ear, or as a result of untreated middle ear infection (otitis media).In some cases, the mastoid in the ear needs to be removed, in which case a mastoid removal surgery (mastoidectomy) is done.

• Acute Mastoiditis

Otitis media is the infection and inflammation of the middle ear. This is a painful condition that can be acute or chronic, and causes redness, swelling, and a build-up of fluid behind the eardrum.Depending on the condition of the Otitis Media infection, treatments like Chronic Otitis Media Treatment, Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Treatment, Chronic Otitis Media Surgery, Ventilation Tubes, and Grommet Insertion may be done.You can get your ear tested and diagnosed by the doctor to know what treatmen to receive.

• Chronic Otitis Media

Glue Ear, or Otitis Media with Effusion, is the build-up of fluid at the middle ear section, due to causes like a cold, sore throat, or upper respiratory infection. This can lead to hearing difficulties or ear pressure discomfort.Some treatments done for Glue Ear are ventilation tubes, Grommet insertion (Tympanostomy tube), and ear microscopy for checking.

• Otitis Media with Effusion (Glue Ear)

A ruptured eardrum means that there is a hole or tear on the thin tissue surrounding your eardrum. This can lead to hearing loss or middle ear infections and injuries. Several different factors can cause a ruptured eardrum, like middle ear infection, ear pressure, loud sounds or blasts, foreign objects in your ear, or head trauma and injuries.If your eardrum rupture is unable to recover on its own, a surgical treatment may be needed. This can be a myringoplasty, a myringotomy, or a tympanoplasty. You should get your eardrum condition checked by the specialist doctor to get an advice on the best choice of treatment.

A fungal ear infection, also known as otomycosis, happens when there is a blockage of the ear canal caused by the presence of fungi or bacterial infection. Though usually able to be cured by medication, some conditions can be linked to other infections and should be checked and diagnosed accurately by a specialist doctor.

• Fungal Infection

Impacted earwax happens when your earwax causes a blockage in your ear and affects your hearing. Trying to remove the earwax by yourself may be counter-productive because you may push the wax deeper or injure your inner ear.Medical treatments like earwax softener medicine or earwax removal done by a trained doctor can help you solve this problem.

• Cerumen Impaction (Impacted Ear Wax)

Ear injuries or traumas can be caused by different factors like accidents, a ruptured eardrum, or any injuries to your inner ear caused by infections.As we can't access to our ear canal and inner ear, we usually can't treat our ear injuries or traumas without the help of a specialist doctor. Depending on the type of injury, the doctor will diagnose and administer the most effective treatment for the recovery of the injury.

Otosclerosis, also known as otospongiosis is an abnormal growth of bone near the middle ear which can result in hearing loss if left untreated. Hearing aids can help solve hearing problems but in some cases, a surgical procedure to remove the bone growth may be needed.

• Otosclerosis

Facial nerve palsy, or facial nerve paralysis, is when part of your face, usually unilaterally, shows weakness. This can include muscle weakness, loss of taste, decreased salivation,and decreased tear secretion.Some of the common causes of facial nerve palsy are: infection or inflammation of the facial nerve, head trauma, head or neck tumour, or stroke. Facial nerve palcy can happen gradually, or suddenly, depending on the cause.

Labyrinthitis is an ear infection that causes the the inner structure of the ear, called the labyrinth, to become inflamed. This can cause a loss of hearing or balance.Some of the symptoms of labyrinthitis include:dizzinessloss of hearingheadacheringing in the earear dischargeear painblurry visionViral infection can cause labyrinthitis. If you suspect that you could have a labyrinthitis infection, get a consultation with a specialist doctor to make sure your condition gets diagnosed and treated accurately.

• Labyrinthitis

Croup is a common breathing problem in young children, usually during cold weathers. The main symptoms for croup are harsh, barking coughs while having breathing difficulties, due to the swelling and narrowing in the voice box, windpipe, and breathing tubes leading to the lungs.Croup can be treated with nose drops or medications, but it is important to have a specialist doctor diagnose the condition correctly before administering any medications.

• Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

Breathing difficulties can stem from several different causes, including chronic sinusitis, allergies, or asthma. Treatments to solve breathing difficulties depend on the cause of the issue.Some symptoms of breathing difficulties include:Nasal congestionRunny noseItchy or watery eyeschest congestioncoughweezinglaboured breathingshallow breathingA precise diagnosis by a specialist doctor is important so that the right treatment can be administered.

A nose fracture, or a broken nose, is a crack on the bone or cartilage of your nose. This can be caused by accidents, physical sports, or injuries and traumas.Nose fractures can be treated by realigning the bone. In severe cases, surgery or rhinoplasty to reshape the bone may be needed.

Allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, is a type of nose inflammation, as a result of overreaction by our immune system towards the allergens in the air like pollen or dust.Some symptoms of allergic rhinitis include runny nose, stuffy nose, sneezing, watery eyes, or swollen eyes.Treatments for allergic rhinitis usually include medications or allergic reliefs like nasal spray.

• Allergic Rhinitis

A nose tumour is a growth in the nasal cavity, and may or may not be a symptom of cancer. Tumours of the nose should be screened immediately upon discovery to check for any cancer signs, so that suitable treatments can be carried out.Tumours are usually removed via surgical procedures.

Sinusitis is the inflammation or swelling of the tissue lining the sinuses in our nose. This is caused by blocked sinuses leading to the growth of bacteria. Conditions that can lead to sinusitis are common cold/flu, allergic rhinitis, growth in the nose (nasal polyps), or a deviated septum.There are two types of sinusits:Acute sinusitis - temporary condition that lasts up to 4 weeksChronic sinusitis - lasts for several weeks or yearsLight sinusitis can be treated by nasal decongestants , but in some cases more advanced treatments for the bacteria may be needed.

• Sinusitis

Nasal polyps or soft growths on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses that causes no pain. These are not tumours, but can be a result of inflammation due to asthma, infection, allergies, or immunity disorders.Some signs and symptoms of nasal polyps include:Runny nosePersistent Stuffy NosePostnasal DripDecreased or absence of sense of smellLoss of sense of tasteFacial pain or headacheUpper teeth painSnoringNasal polyps can be removed via surgery, usually done via endoscopic surgery to remove the polyps within. During this surgical procedure that is also known as polypectomy, the doctor will insert a small tube with a tiny camera into your nostrils and remove the polyps using tiny instruments.

• Nasal Polyps

A nasal septum deviation is the displacement of the nasal septum, the middle part of the nose. This can be caused by nasal congestion, with one side of the nose being more congested than the other, causing difficulty or unbalanced breathing through the nose. A deviated septum requires a surgery to correct the septum into a central position. Also known as septoplasty, this procedure straightens the septum, allowing for better airflow through the nose.

• Nasal Septum Deviation

Anosmia is the loss of the ability to smell, usually caused by nasal congestion due to a cold, allergy, sinus infection, or poor air quality.Sometimes, the loss of smell can also be a symptom of more serious conditions, like nasal polyps (small noncancerous growths in the nose) or injury to the inside of the nose.Depending on the cause, anosmia can be treated and the sense of smell can return if the cause of the condition is treated successfully.

Nose bleeds, or also known as epistaxis, can be caused by various factors, including, irritation, internal fractures, or infection. While nosebleeds that happen once in a blue moon usually don't cause any health concerns, chronic nose bleeds that happen frequently can be a sign of serious problems in the nose like fractures or internal deformation and infection.If you have nosebleeds frequently, you can get your condition checked by a specialist doctor to have an accurate diagnosis and treatment,

Nose pressure discomfort, also known as sinus barotrauma, is an inflammation in the inner nose on the sinus caused by the difference in air pressure inside an outside the nose.You may feel pressure or pain in the forehead or around the teeth, cheeks, or eyes, or also bleeding into the sinus when you have sinus barotrauma.Nose pressure discomfort can usually be treated with nasal congestions or medications, according to your specialist doctor's diagnosis.

• Sinus Barotrauma

A peritonsillar abscess, or also commonly known with its simple name Quinsy, is a collection of pus fromed in the tissues of the throat next to one of the tonsils.This abscess can cause pain, swelling, and in some cases can block the throat, causing difficulties in swallowing, speaking, and breathing.Quinsy often happens as a complication of tonsillitis, a throat infection, and is caused by a bacterial infection.The treatment will be based on draining the abscess to remove it, or in severe cases, a small incision to remove the abscess. Medications are also administered for the bacterial infection.

• Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)

A retropharyngeal abscess is the collection of pus at the back of the throat, caused by a bacterial infection. The symptoms for a retropharyngeal abscess are swallowing difficulties, having a stiff neck, and noisy breathing.Since it is a bacterial infection, retropharyngeal abscess can usually be treated with antibiotics.

• Retropharyngeal Abscess

A common cold can be caused by viral infection or bacterial infection. It is important to diagnose the cause of the cold accurately before any treatment so that the treatment can be done safely and effectively.

• Common Cold (Acute Coryza)

Laryngitis is the inflammation of the voice box or vocal cords due to overuse, irritation, or infection. There are two types of laryngitis: acute/short term (less than 3 weeks), or chronic/long term (more than 3 weeks).Some of the symptoms of laryngitis are:Weak voice or voice losstickling sensation and a raw feeling at your throatdry throatdry coughLaryngitis can usually be treated with medications to treat the infection and reduce the inflammation. For chronic laryngitis, the root cause of the condition must be diagnosed to be treated accordingly.

• Laryngitis

Tonsillitis is an infection in the throat, causing inflammation usually due to viral infection or sometimes bacterial infection.Some of the symptoms of tonsillitis are:Red, swollen tonsilsWhite or yellow coating on the tonsils (back of the throat)painful sore throatpainful swallowingenlarged, tender glands (lymph nodes) in the neckbad breathAn early diagnosis can help the doctor treat your condition effectively with medications, but in severe cases, surgery may be required.

• Tonsilitis

There are several types of speech disorders, and different types of speech disorders can be caused by different factors. A common speech disorder is cluttering, which is a speech and fluency disorder that causes a rapid rate of speech, making speech difficult to understand. This can be caused by the paralysis of speech muscles due to the damage to the nerves or may also be related to the brain.Treatment of speech disorders depend on the type and cause of the condition. To effectively treat the condition, a speech test can be done at a specialist clinic to find out the root cause so that it can be treated accordingly.

Swallowing difficulties is known as dysphagia medically. This can be the problem of swallowing certain foods or liquids, or sometimes not being able to swallow at all.Dysphagia can be caused by nerve or muscle degeneration involved in the movement of swallowing, and is usually treated with medications. If there is a tumour involved, surgery is required to remove the tumour.

Allergic coughs can be caused by allergen in the air. Sometimes, these coughs can come with symptoms like stuffy nose and sneezing, or in more severe cases, may cause breathing difficulties.The doctor can do a test to find out what are the allergens that are causing your coughs to help treat your condition.

Do you always experience heartburn specifically at night or in the morning? Acid reflux is also known as heartburn. It is a condition where a warm and burning sensation is felt typically in the regions below the throat all the way to the region below the chest bone. This happens when stomach acid rises to the throat or mouth and leave a sour or bitter aftertaste. Acid reflux can usually be treated with medications but needs to be treated early, or the frequent acid production may damage the throat.

Throat irritation can range from mild irritation to severe conditions underlying causing the uneasiness in the throat.An itchy or irritated throat is usually an immune system reaction to allergy triggers, unlesss if it is caused by an underlying condition.If you have had prolonged periods of throat irritation, you can get your condition checked by a specialist doctor to get the right treatment

The supraglottis is the upper part of the larynx, or your voice box. It is the area above the vocal cords. Tumours at the supraglottic area has chances to be cancel cells, and can affect the function of the larynx, including speech, swallowing, and breathing.Early detection of supraglottic tumours is important to effectively treat the condition and prevent further complications.

Vocal cord lesions are also known as vocal fold lesions. These are non-cancerous growths in the vocal cords, and can come in the form of nodules, polyps, or cysts.Lesions can cause voice harshness, and are usually a result of vocal overuse or vocal cord trauma and injury.Treatments for vocal cord lesions include voice rest, voice therapy, or a surgery to treat abnormalitis on the vocal cord.

Salivary gland stones, also known as salivary duct stones, are growth in the salivary gland or duct that can block the flow of saliva into the mouth. These growths are made up of calcium chemicals in the saliva accumulating, and can be caused by dehydration, poor eating habits, or side effects of some medications.Treatments for salivary gland stones are done to remove the stones. For small stones, they can be drained out by the doctor, but for big ones, surgical incisions may be needed.

Salivary gland tumours can be cancerous or non-cancerous. For non-cancerous (benign) ones, they appear as painless salivary mass and can be removed via excision or radiation.

• Salivary Gland Tumor

Epiglottitis is the inflammation of the piglottis, the flap at the base of the tongue. Epiglottitis is usually caused by bacterial infection.Some of the symptoms of epiglottitis are:swallowing problemsuncontrolled droolingvoice changeincreased breathing rateEpiglottitis can usually be treated with medications to reduce the inflammation and to get rid of the bacteria causing the condition.

• Epiglottitis

Diphtheria is a killer disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It affects the mucous membranes of our throat and nose by producing toxins that are poisonous for our body.Diphtheria is contagious and can be spread from one person to another through respiratory release like coughing or sneezing. A person can also be infected with Diphtheria upon contact with the bacteria.Some symptoms of Diphthera include: Thick grey-white coating at the back of the throat formed by tissues destroyed by bacteria toxinExtreme fatigue/weaknessSevere sore throatHigh fever (38C and above)Swollen glands on the neckDifficulty breathing/swallowingIn Malaysia, vaccines are available and should be taken by all children below the age of seven.When travelling, booster diphtheria vaccinations may also be required for places where the disease is more widespread. Do check with your doctor for further information on this!

• Diphtheria

Croup is a common breathing problem in young children, usually during cold weathers. The main symptoms for croup are harsh, barking coughs while having breathing difficulties, due to the swelling and narrowing in the voice box, windpipe, and breathing tubes leading to the lungs.Croup can be treated with nose drops or medications, but it is important to have a specialist doctor diagnose the condition correctly before administering any medications.

• Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

A vocal cord paralysis is the condition when there is disruption on the nerve impulses to your voice box, causing a paralysis of the vocal cords muscles. This affects your ability to speak or, in severe cases, your ability to breath.Symptoms of vocal cord paralysis include:breathy or airy voicehoarse or harsh voicenoisy breathingloss of vocal pitchchoking and coughing when swallowinginability to speak loudlyfrequent breaths while speakingloss of gag reflexVocal cord paralysis is usually caused by injuries, but can also be due to viral infections and neurological conditions.Mild vocal cord paralysis can be treated with voice therapy, but for more severe cases, surgical options may be needed based on the cause of the condition.

• Vocal Cord Paralysis

Functional dysphonia is the condition where one has a poor voice quality, affecting speech but with no obvoius disformities or health problems.The doctor will assess your vocal condition to find out which part that needs correction and carry out the suitable treatment.

• Functional Dysphonia

Glandular fever is a viral infection that can get better without treatment, but may leave you ill for a period of time.Some of the symptoms of glandular fever are:high feversevere sore throatswollen glands on either side of your neckextreme tiredness or exhaustionYou don't usually get glandular fever more than once because after the first viral attack, your body builds and immunity to fight against the virus as you recover.

• Infectious Mononucleosis (Glandular Fever)

Pharyngitis is one of the most common types of sore throats. It is the swelling at the back of the throat between the tonsils and the voice box.Pharyngitis can be caused by viral or bacterial infection, and can be treated with medications if the condition doesn't escalate to more severe complications.

• Sore Throat (Pharyngitis)

Sjorgen's syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects the entire body and can occur at any age. Autoimmune disease are when the body produce abnormal amount of extra antibodies in the blood and the immune system mistakenly arracks your body's own cells and tissues. This syndrome caused patients to experience dry eyes, dry mouth, fatigue and joint pain. It can also cause dysfunction of organs such as kidneys, blood vessels, lungs and more.Symptoms:Main symptoms are:-Dry eyes, eyes might burn, itch or feel gritty as if there's sand in themDry mouth, difficulties to swallow or speakand others:-Joint pain, swelling and stiffnessSwollen Salivary GlandsSkin rashes or dry skin

• Sjogren's Syndrome

Parotitis is the name given to inflammation and infection of the largest of the salivary glands known as the parotid glands. The inflammation of the salivary glands reduces their ability to function properly and thus lead to infections within the mouthSymptoms:Swelling of tissues (surrounding the saliva glands)Redness and sorenessCauses:InfectionDrugsRadiationVarious DiseasesObstruction of the salivary duct Poor oral hygiene

• Parotitis

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst is when a lump develops around the neck area. The lumps develop from cells and tissues that are remained after your thyroid leaves behind extra cells while its forming during your development in the womb.Symptoms:Presence of a lump in the middle of the front of your neckSpeaking with a hoarse voiceHaving trouble breathing or swallowingRedness, tender near the area of the cyst / lumpsMucus seep out of a small skin near the lump

• Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

A deformity is a change in the shape of a body part. A deformity is caused by unusual pressure on the baby in the womb or the baby's position late during the pregnancy. Facial deformity can affect sight, speech, breathing and your ability to swallow. Certain diseases also lead to facial disorders. For example, nerve diseases or Bell's palsy sometimes cause facial pain, spasms and trouble with eye or facial movement. Birth defects can also affect the face.

Bell's Palsy is a form of temporary facial paralysis, when one side of the face muscle are paralyse or weak. The person may find it tough to control one side of their face muscles. The affected side of the face tends to droop. Bell's Palsy may also affect saliva, tear production and the sense of taste.Causes can be:Facial Nerve is inflamed (press against the cheekbone)Protective covering of the nerve is damagedSignals connecting muscles and the brain can't be transmitted properlyTreatment can be:Medications (Corticosteroids and Antiviral Drugs)Physical TherapySurgery

• Bell Palsy (Idiopathic Facial Paralysis)

The most common type of cancer in the head and neck is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the cells that line the inside of the nose, mouth and throat. People with history of smoking or exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV) are most likely to associate with Squamous Cell cancer.Symptoms of Head and Neck Cancers: May include a lump or a sore A sore throat Oral Cavity : White or red patch on the gums, tongue, lining of the mouthPharynx : Trouble breathing or speaking, pain when swallowing, neck or throat, frequent headaches and etcLarynx: Pain when swallowing or ear painParanasal sinuses and nasal cavity : Sinuses that are blocked and do not clear, chronic sinus infections that do not respond to treatment with antibiotics and etc-Salivary glands: Swelling under the chin or around the jawbone, numbness or paralysis ofthe muscles in the face

Jenis kanker pada kepala dan leher yang paling umum adalah karsinoma sel skuamosa, yang muncul dari cel yang tersusun dalam hidung, mulut, dan tenggorokan. Orang yang merokok atau orang yang terekspos pada virus papiloma manusia (HPV) lebih besar kemungkinannya untuk mempunyai sel kanker skuamosa.Gejala Kanker Kepala dan Leher:Dapat termasuk benjolan atau sakitSakit tenggorokanRongga mulut: bercak putih atau merah pada gusi, lidah, atau mulutFaring: masalah bernafas atau berbicara, rasa sakit ketika menelan, leher atau tenggorokan, sering sakit kepala, dsb.Laring: Sakit ketika menelan atau sakit telingaRongga sinus dan rongga mulut: Rongga sinus yang terhambat dan tidak bersih, infeksi sinis kronis yang tidak bisa disembuhkan dengan pengobatan antibiotik, dsb.Kelenjar ludah: Pembengkakan dibawah dagu atau disekitar rahang, mati rasa atau kelumpuhan otot wajah.

• Branchial Cleft Cyst

Lymph nodes located in the neck. Responsible for fighting infection that are carried into the node through lymph fluid.Causes of swollen Cervical Lymph Nodes:Reaction to infection, injury or cancerBronchitis (Inflammation of the surface lining of the bronchial airways)Common coldEar infectionScalp infectionStrep throat (Bacterial infection that causes inflammation and pain in the throat)Tonsillitis (Two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of your throat that are infected)Symptoms:Prolonged tenderness and painContinual Swelling for more than a weekFeverWeight lossSymptoms that need immediate attention:Tuberculosis (highly infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs)Syphilis (a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a type of bacteria)HIV (a virus that compromises the immune system)Lymphoma (can affect any portion of the lymphatic system)

• Cervical Lymphadenopathy

Goiter refers to enlargement of the thyroid gland, a butterfly shaped organ draped around the front and sides of the windpipe (or trachea) in the lower part of the neck. Symptoms:Discomfort or cause breathing and swallowing difficultiesConstrict airways/ esophagus/ blood vesselsCauses:inefficient thyroid hormone production Inflammation of the thyroid glandThyroid Tumours

• Goiter

Dermoid Cysts can develop anywhere in the body, but usually occur on the face, inside the skull, on the lower back and in the ovaries. It may contains structures such as hair, fluid or skin glands that can be found or in the skin. You may need to seek for medical help if a cyst becomes painful or inflamed, grows or changes colour, removal is desired for cosmetic reasons.Symptoms Dermoid Cysts:Small, often painless, lump in the mid-line of the neckSkin coloured or may have a slight yellow tinge

• Dermoid Cyst

Folliculitis is a common skin condition of infected ingrown hair, it commonly appear on the face, scalp, chest, back, buttocks and legs.Causes of an infected ingrown hair:Too many dead skin cells on the surface of the skinShaving and waxing leads to creating sharper hair that tends to get trapped in the skin.If hair is naturally coarse or curlySymptoms of infecred ingrown hair:Start off as a red bumpPus and bump Area around infected ingrown hair may be red and irritated, swell, itch, feel warm to the touch

• Furunculosis

Obstructive sleep apnea is when breathing stops by itself for brief periods of time during sleep. Due to the narrowed airway space and the flow of air stops. The main characteristic of Obstructive sleep apnea is when snoring occurs due to the air flow needed to squeeze throught the narrowed airway space. Untreated Obstructive sleep apnea can lead to even more serious health problems such as:-HypertensionHeart DiseasestrokediabetesSymptoms:Poor sleep quality, lead to drowsiness and lack of clarity in the morningHeadachesGrumpinessForgetfulLeg swelling (if sleep apnea is severe)Worsening DepressionCauses: Over-weightSleeping on your back

• Sleep Apnea
• Sleep Disorder

A kind of treatment that treats patients with sleep apnea or patients who have breathing problems during sleep, by providing mild air pressure to keep the airways open. It helps and make sure that the airways does not collapse.Reasons for CPAP:Keep your airway open while you sleepReduce or eliminate your snoring altogetherImprove your quality of sleepGet rid of daytime drowsiness or fatigueCircumvent or significantly reduce high blood pressure.

• Sleep Apnea
• Sleep Disorder

Snoring is a noise that occurs during sleep when the child is breathing in and there is some blockage of air passing through the back of the mouth. Children who are three years or older tend to snore during the deeper stages of sleep. Loud and regular nightly snoring is often abnormal in otherwise healthy children. Sometimes it is a sign of a respiratory infection, a stuffy nose or allergy; other times it may be a symptom of sleep apnea.Causes:there is an anatomical component, such as a small jaw or a small airway that the child was born withcommon reason is enlarged tonsils and adenoids.

Otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat) emergencies are a common complaint in the emergency department. These can present as a result of infection, trauma, foreign bodies, or postprocedure complications. Emergency physicians (EPs) diagnose and treat a variety of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) disorders on a daily basis. Although the majority of these conditions are benign, there are several critical ENT disorders that must be immediately recognized and treated.ENT Emergencies:Nose bleed (Epistaxis)Nasal Foreign BodiesEar Foreign Bodies Malignant Otitis Externa (Diabetes with Ear Pain)Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (Hearing loss overnight/over hours)Epiglottitis (inflammation of the epiglottis-the flap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea (windpipe))

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign tumor that tends to bleed and occurs in the nasopharynx (upper part of pharynx, the tube connecting to the lungs) of prepubertal and adolescent males. Common symptoms of JNA include nasal obstruction and severe or repeated nosebleeds. If the tumor grows large enough, it can cause:Change in facial appearanceComplete obstruction of both sides of the noseFacial pain or headachesVisual disturbance Over time, the tumor can invade the eye socket or cranial cavity, causing blindness or other significant neurologic problems.

• Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA)

Jenis kanker pada kepala dan leher yang paling umum adalah karsinoma sel skuamosa, yang muncul dari cel yang tersusun dalam hidung, mulut, dan tenggorokan. Orang yang merokok atau orang yang terekspos pada virus papiloma manusia (HPV) lebih besar kemungkinannya untuk mempunyai sel kanker skuamosa.Gejala Kanker Kepala dan Leher:Dapat termasuk benjolan atau sakitSakit tenggorokanRongga mulut: bercak putih atau merah pada gusi, lidah, atau mulutFaring: masalah bernafas atau berbicara, rasa sakit ketika menelan, leher atau tenggorokan, sering sakit kepala, dsb.Laring: Sakit ketika menelan atau sakit telingaRongga sinus dan rongga mulut: Rongga sinus yang terhambat dan tidak bersih, infeksi sinis kronis yang tidak bisa disembuhkan dengan pengobatan antibiotik, dsb.Kelenjar ludah: Pembengkakan dibawah dagu atau disekitar rahang, mati rasa atau kelumpuhan otot wajah.

• Branchial Cleft Cyst

There are several types of speech disorders, and different types of speech disorders can be caused by different factors. A common speech disorder is cluttering, which is a speech and fluency disorder that causes a rapid rate of speech, making speech difficult to understand. This can be caused by the paralysis of speech muscles due to the damage to the nerves or may also be related to the brain.Treatment of speech disorders depend on the type and cause of the condition. To effectively treat the condition, a speech test can be done at a specialist clinic to find out the root cause so that it can be treated accordingly.

A common cold can be caused by viral infection or bacterial infection. It is important to diagnose the cause of the cold accurately before any treatment so that the treatment can be done safely and effectively.

• Common Cold (Acute Coryza)

Nose bleeds, or also known as epistaxis, can be caused by various factors, including, irritation, internal fractures, or infection. While nosebleeds that happen once in a blue moon usually don't cause any health concerns, chronic nose bleeds that happen frequently can be a sign of serious problems in the nose like fractures or internal deformation and infection.If you have nosebleeds frequently, you can get your condition checked by a specialist doctor to have an accurate diagnosis and treatment,

Oropharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the oropharynx (inside the throat, directly behind the nose).Smoking or being infected with human papillomavirus can increase the risk of oropharyngeal cancer.Symptoms:Painless swelling or lump in the throatSore throat or tongueEaracheDifficulty swallowing or moving your mouth and jawChanges in your voice Bad BreathUnexplained weight lossDiagnosis/Screening:Physical exam and HistoryPET-CT ScanCT Scan (CAT Scan)PET Scan (positron emission tomography scan)BiopsyEndoscopyLaryngoscopyHPV TestTreatment:SurgeryRadiotherapyChemotherapyTargetted Therapies

• Oropharyngeal Cancer
• Mouth (Oral) Cancer
• Mouth Tumour

Tongue cancer is a type of mouth cancer, or oral cancer, that usually develops in the squamous cells on the surface of the tongue. It can cause tumors or lesions. The most noticeable signs of tongue cancer are a sore on the tongue that does not heal and a painful tongue.Cancer can develop in two different areas of the tongue. Tongue cancer develops at the front of the tongue, while cancer at the back of the tongue is known as oropharyngeal cancer.Symptoms:red and white patches (oral leukoplakia) that appear on the lining of the mouth or the tonguesores and mouth ulcers that will not heala sore throat or pain when swallowinga feeling that there is something lodged in the throata painful tonguea hoarse voicedifficulty moving the jaw or tongueneck or ear painloose teethswelling in the area that remains for more than three 3 weeksa lump in the mouththickening of the lining of the mouthdentures that no longer fit correctly

Head and Neck screening are suitable for people who routinely drink alcohol, currently use tobacco products, or have used tobacco products in the past should receive general health screening examination at least once a year. This is a simple, quick procedure in which the doctor looks in the nose, mouth, and throat for abnormalities and feels for lumps in the neck.Types of Diagnosis/Screening Test:Physical examination/blood and urine testEndoscopyx,BiopsyMolecular testing of the tumor X-ray/Barium SwallowPanoramic RadiographUltrasoundComputed Tomography (CT or CAT) scanMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Bone ScanPositron emission tomography (PET) or (PET-CT Scan)